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%                                                                           %
% File:            nyanja.dtr                                               %
% Purpose:         Nyanja adjectival inflection (in Stump style)            %
% Author:          Gerald Gazdar, 9th October, 1994                         %
% Email:           geraldg@cogs.sussex.ac.uk                                %
% Address:         COGS, Sussex University, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK            %
% Documentation:   see references below                                     %
% Related files:   gikuyu.dtr, swahili1.dtr, swahili2.dtr                   %
% Version:         1.10 (20th August 1995)                                  %
%                                                                           %
%      Copyright (c) University of Sussex 1994.  All rights reserved.       %
%                                                                           %
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

% This file presents an analysis of Nyanja adjectival inflection that is
% based on the paradigm function (PFM) treatment presented by Greg Stump in:
%
% Gregory L. Stump (1993) "Reconstituting morphology: the case of Bantu
% preprefixation", Linguistic Analysis 23, 169-204.
%
% The advantages of DATR for expressing PFM-style analyses are argued in:
%
% Gerald Gazdar (1992) "Paradigm function morphology in DATR", in Lynne
% Cahill & Richard Coates, eds. Sussex Papers in General and Computational
% Linguistics, Cognitive Science Research Paper CSRP 239, University of
% Sussex, pages 43-53. [This paper is available (as file pfm_datr.ps) by
% anonymous FTP from ftp.cogs.susx.ac.uk in directory /pub/nlp/DATR/papers.]

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

% The inflected form of an adjective consists of the relevant qualifying
% prefix, possibly followed by a second prefix, followed by the root.
% The second prefix, if present, is the relevant class form for noun-classes
% 1 and 2 and the relevant concordial form for all other noun-classes:

Adjective:
    <form>     == Prefix:<<select> qualifying> "<prefix <select>>" "<root>"
    <select>   == Select:<"<number>" "<gender>">
    <prefix 1> == Prefix:<<select> class>
    <prefix 2> == <prefix 1>
    <prefix>   == Prefix:<<select> concordial>.

% Select is a function that uses number to choose the relevant noun-class:

Select:
    <singular $sg>     == $sg
    <plural $sg / $pl> == $pl.

% The Prefix node is a function that maps noun-class prefix-type pairs into
% the corresponding prefixes.  A number of minor generalizations about the
% distribution of those prefixes are expressed:

Prefix:
    <>              == a
    < 1 class>      == mu
    < 1 qualifying> == w a
    < 3>            == <1>
    < 3 concordial> == u
    < 4 class>      == m i
    < 4 qualifying> == y a
    < 4 concordial> == i
    < 5>            == l Vowel:<>
    < 6 class>      == m a
    < 7>            == c Vowel:<>
    < 8>            == z Vowel:<>
    < 9>            == <4>
    < 9 class>      == n
    <10>            == <8>
    <10 class>      == <9 class>
    <12>            == k a
    <13>            == t Vowel:<>
    <14>            == u
    <14 qualifying> == <1 qualifying>
    <16>            == p a
    <17>            == k u
    <17 qualifying> == kw a
    <18>            == m u
    <18 qualifying> == mw a.

% The Vowel node captures the generalization that the class and concordial
% prefixes are identical for noun-classes 5, 7, 8 and 13:

Vowel:
    <>           == i
    <qualifying> == a.

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

% Type A adjectives do not have a second prefix:

AdjectiveA:
    <> == Adjective
    <prefix> == .

% Type B adjectives do:

AdjectiveB:
    <> == Adjective.

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% Two example Nyanja adjective lexemes defined:

Bwino:
    <> == AdjectiveA
    <root> == bw i n o.

Kulu:
    <> == AdjectiveB
    <root> == k u l u.

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

% Example query nodes to allow evaluation of inflected adjectival forms:

WordA08:
    <> == Bwino
    <gender> == 7 / 8
    <number> == plural.

WordB01:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 1 / 2
    <number> == singular.

WordB02:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 1 / 2
    <number> == plural.

WordB03:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 3 / 4
    <number> == singular.

WordB04:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 3 / 4
    <number> == plural.

WordB05:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 5 / 6
    <number> == singular.

WordB06:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 5 / 6
    <number> == plural.

WordB07:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 7 / 8
    <number> == singular.

WordB08:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 7 / 8
    <number> == plural.

WordB09:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 9 / 10
    <number> == singular.

WordB10:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 9 / 10
    <number> == plural.

WordB12:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 12 / 13
    <number> == singular.

WordB13:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 12 / 13
    <number> == plural.

WordB14:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 14
    <number> == singular.

WordB16:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 16
    <number> == singular.

WordB17:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 17
    <number> == singular.

WordB18:
    <> == Kulu
    <gender> == 18
    <number> == singular.

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

% Some example theorems:
%
% WordA01:<form> = z a bw i n o.
%
% WordB01:<form> = w a mu k u l u.
%
% WordB02:<form> = a a k u l u.
%
% WordB03:<form> = w a u k u l u.
%
% WordB04:<form> = y a i k u l u.
%
% WordB05:<form> = l a l i k u l u.
%
% WordB06:<form> = a a k u l u.
%
% WordB07:<form> = c a c i k u l u.
%
% WordB08:<form> = z a z i k u l u.
%
% WordB09:<form> = y a i k u l u.
%
% WordB10:<form> = z a z i k u l u.
%
% WordB12:<form> = k a k a k u l u.
%
% WordB13:<form> = t a t i k u l u.
%
% WordB14:<form> = w a u k u l u.
%
% WordB16:<form> = p a p a k u l u.
%
% WordB17:<form> = kw a k u k u l u.
%
% WordB18:<form> = mw a m u k u l u.

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

# hide Vowel Prefix Select Adjective AdjectiveA AdjectiveB Bwino Kulu.

# show <gender> <number> <form>.


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